Critique of a Study; Muscle Dysmorphia - excellent paper :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Last year a study was performed to examine a model for the development of muscle dysmorhpia among male college athletes. The model is known as the Lantz, Rhea, and Mayhew Model and it describes the relationship between pre-disposing factors for the development of muscle dysmorphia and the negative consequences paired with the disorder. The study concentrated on male college athletes falling into three different categories: weight lifters, non-contact sports athletes, and contact sport athletes. The study was to determine which of the expected negative behaviors, if any, prevailed among the separate categories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the past decades the media has been the primary blame of creating body image disorders among both females and males. â€Å"Similar to females, men have been inundated with distorted pictures representing the ideal male physique from TV, fitness magazines, and the toy industry (e.g., bulging superhero, G. I. Joe). While most researchers suggest that a multitude of factors may play a role in creating body image disorders (Pike & Striegel-Moore, 1997), Levine and Smolak (1998) are among a growing number of researchers who blame the media's glamorized body blueprint messages for men and women unrealistically judging themselves. (Page 120)† Men with body image disorders are usually afraid of being too small rather than too large. They tend to have the desire to gain muscle mass at the same time as cutting down the waist line. Along with this desire, an obsession can occur to compulsively lift weights as a way of life. The compulsive weight lifting and consumption of dietary supplements describes the term â€Å"muscle dysmorphia†. This disorder is more mental than physical and may also be a type of obsessive-compulsive disorder. â€Å"In a manner similar to MD, OCD is manifested by obsessions (e.g., constant thoughts about being too small) and compulsions (e.g., repeated behaviors of weight-lifting). (Page 120)† Muscle dysmorphia can also create other mental disorders. It may actually be genetically impossible for some to reach their ideal body. This creates an individual who obsesses over a goal which is non-existent, creating possible depression and perhaps impairing social and occupational functioning. The model of muscle dysmorphia has yet to be tested and this study is to determine if the psycho-behavioral characteristics proposed by the model are present, and to what degree, in the selected weight lifters compared to other athletes. A sample student body of 106 students was selected as the participants. This group contained 29 weight lifters, 24 non-contact sport athletes, and 53 contact sport athletes.

Econ 256 Final

2. Why do economists generally regard median income as a better measure of a typical American's well-being than mean income? Dfiodifaje 3. Why do the United States, and many other counties, have antitrust laws on the books? What's so harmful about oligopoly that warrants an entire body of law? The United States and many other countries have antitrust laws on the books to protect their consumers in their different markets. Having the abilities to both raise and lower prices are the reasons that oligopolies are so harmful. . Two consumers go to the insurance company to purchase some life insurance. James is a smoker and a police officer who races motorcycles in his spare time. Kathy is a nonsmoker and a librarian who likes to make quilts in her spare time. The insurance company knows that both consumers are 40 years old, but the company has no information about occupations or hobbies. How does the private information in this situation create an adverse-selection problem? How could the insurance company lessen this problem? Without knowing the background information on the potential clients, insurance companies are without the ability to see that while James is risking his life as a police officer, he is also a smoker and racer. He’s putting his life on the line and still increasing the risk of injuries. The insurance should have a line on their application that asks for applicants for their occupation, whether they are smokers or if they drink, and lastly what they enjoy doing in their spare time. With having this information, the company can see what each of the individuals really needs insurance-wise. 6. Jane works part-time and earns $12,000 per year. Because she is below the poverty line, she also earns $4,000 in various welfare benefits. Suppose she is offered a new job that would pay her $15,000 and would bring her earnings high enough so that she no longer qualified for any welfare benefits. This is what is known as a â€Å"notch†. Explain what is happening with Jane and how could we modify the system to eliminate the notch.

Cell Phones Should Not Be Allowed - 1276 Words

Cell phones should not be allowed in school. They are classroom distractions, and not a learning device. Every year many students complain about not being able to use their cell phones in school. And every year many schools eventually cave to cater to the things that students complain most about. Schools have been changing and bending rules so that students so that they can use their cell phones during school hours. They claim that they can be use as learning devices, which they can be, but you don’t need a cell phone. Many teachers love having the students have cell phones in school. and one reason why is it’s â€Å" easier † to have them. â€Å"This past summer, we too began to question our cell phone policy. It occurred to us that everywhere else in society, we have been taught when cell phone use is appropriate and when it is not. For example, church services often start with a reminder to silence all cell phones. We realized that our students also need to be taught appropriate use. Now, use in the classroom is still off-limits, but in the cafeteria or hallways, use is allowed. When students enter a classroom, they are greeted with a reminder about appropriate use. We have seen a drop in disruptions related to electronic devices, and parents have welcomed this more relaxed policy.† —Dave Stovenour, Assistant Principal Dundalk High School Baltimore County Public Schools, Maryland In this article Stovenour talks about how relaxing the cell phone rules have helped the students, andShow MoreRelatedCell Phones Should Not Be Allowed993 Words   |  4 Pagesconstantly on it. Cell phones for instance they can either be used or abused. In the classroom cell phones should not be allowed due to the fact people are distracted when using it during class. Cell phones distract people in a billion ways; social media, texting, pictures, calls. People can’t multi task, it is impossible. Scrolling through Instagram while the teacher is talking will not make a person learn better, and probably not at all. Everyone is addicted to his or her cell phone, it makes it hardRead MoreCell Phones Should Be Allowed in School802 Words   |  4 Pagesabout one another. You discover that you do not have a cell phone or any device to contact your parents. There won’t be any chance that you and your parents could contact each other. What would you do? How would you feel? It seems to me that if cell phones were allowed in schools, students could contact their parents easier and people could stay in touch. Therefore, cell phones should be allowed to be used in schools. For one, cell phones could provide students with academic help. According toRead MoreShould Cell Phones be allowed in School817 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Should Cell Phones be allowed in School? Do you take your cell phone with you to work, and use it all day long for organization and needed communication? Well, school to us students is like our work, but our organization and communication tool is prohibited. Cell phones have so many positive uses in the classrooms, yet at the same time we aren’t putting our current technology to good use. For example, cell phones in our school are banned, and I feel that this should be changed immediately. The manyRead MoreShould Cell Phones Be Allowed? Classrooms?1586 Words   |  7 Pagesfurther educate young minds. Currently we have endless access to knowledge with the use of cellphones and schools are still hesitant to allow these impeccable devices in classrooms. Schools should take advantage of technology and allow the use of cellphones for educational purposes in classrooms. The reasons why we should use cellphones in school and in classrooms are because they can keep students informed on class assignments, they make the clas srooms more active and they can be used to record differentRead MoreShould Cell Phones Be Allowed? Schools?1918 Words   |  8 PagesSchools should be turning the perceived obstacles into opportunities to learn,† said Kipp D. Rogers. Kipp is a principle at the Passage Middle School in Virginia and he wants phones to be used in the school. The essential question is, should cell phones be allowed in schools? In a big debate, there are two sides to an issue and people are seeing both sides Many people want them because they can help students learn, but others say no because they can be a distraction. Students should be allowed toRead MoreShould Cell Phone Use Be Allowed in Schools?986 Words   |  4 Pagesdebate and discussion has been student cell phone use. Are they helpful or useless? Should they be allowed or not? No school has really found the answer to these questions yet. Many believe that phones are just too distracting for students, but on the contrary, cellphones are beneficial to students if not the entire school when used in agreement with the school’s technology policies, assuming these policies are well-thought-out. It has been shown that with cell phones, schools can increase communicationRead MoreCell Phones Should Be Allowed in Schools Essay examples824 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause cell phones were not popular in schools then. When it comes to cell phones, some people think they should not be permitted in schools, and other people think they should be permitted in schools. I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons: Cell phones are an efficient way to communicate when emergencies occur in school; cell phones can be a great tool for learning during school hours; and the current prohibitive rules on cell phones are merely fruitless efforts. Cell phones shouldRead MoreShould High School Students Be Allowed Cell Phones? School?1446 Words   |  6 PagesShould High School Students Be Allowed to Bring Cell Phones to School? By Ronnie Phillips | Submitted On July 07, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook 1 Share this article on Twitter 1 Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest 1 Expert Author Ronnie Phillips Educating youngRead MoreCell Phones Should Be Allowed While Driving – Agree or Disagree824 Words   |  4 PagesHistory and Government Ms. Thomas Cell Phones Should Be Allowed While Driving – Agree or Disagree In my opinion cell phones should not be allowed while driving. The reason in which I say this is because if you have your cell phone out while driving you can cause injury or death upon both you and/or another individual either in your car or another. While driving you are to pay full attention to the road and where you’re driving to and not the phone it is a distraction. For an example, OnRead MoreEssay on should students be allowed to use cell phones in school1043 Words   |  5 PagesPersuasive Essay / Cellular Telephone Cell Phones: Many American youth now have cell phones that they carry with them everywhere .Should cell phones be allowed at school ?Many teachers and students claim that phones are distracting while many parents and students insist that phones are necessary. Write a persuasive essay explaining your position on the issue. Although not everybody would agree, but I think that cell phones should not be allowed to bring to school. I have several reasons

Human Health And The Delivery Of Health Care Services (...

Informatics as it relates to nursing can be defines as the science of how to use data, information, and knowledge to improve human health and the delivery of health care services (American Medical Informatics Association Inc., 2016). It includes the ability to locate or generate data as well as the storage and sharing of said data. Today, almost our entire society relies on technology in some form or another and the healthcare field is no different. The culture of nursing has changed dramatically over the past few decades; electronic charts and charting are still relatively new. I graduated nursing school in 2006 and at that time, there was still a fair amount of documentation done on paper. I have been able to watch the evolution of the way we nurse adapt to the technology of today. Currently we almost depend on the computers like a life line in the hospital nursing setting. Our patient s lab work, test results, medication administration and information, history and more are all stored on the computer. When we are unable to access the information necessary to provide adequate care, it makes our jobs that much more difficult. Many new systems have been developed over the last few years to help promote patient safety. A few of those include CPOE (computerized provider order entry), smart pumps which contain drug libraries with dosing parameters and safety measures, patient armbands with a barcode specific to their account, and vital sign machines and glucometersShow MoreRelatedMy Career Goal Of Advance Practice Registered Nurse1615 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience within Emergency Department, Medical/Surgical ICU, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Case Management setting where a diverse professional skill are utilized with excellent assessment and analytical skills seeking Nurse Corps Scholarship to advance my career goal of Advance Practice Registered Nurse ïÆ'Ëœ Have extensive experience in working with a broad range of medical conditions, patient care demographics and level of acuity within managed care environments in the community. Have exceptionalRead MoreThe Career Goal Of Advance Practice Registered Nurse1614 Words   |  7 Pages experience within Emergency Department, Medical/Surgical ICU, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Case Management setting where a diverse professional skill are utilized with excellent assessment and analytical skills seeking Nurse Corps Scholarship to advance my career goal of Advance Practice Registered Nurse ïÆ'Ëœ Have extensive experience in working with a broad range of medical conditions, patient care demographics and level of acuity within managed care environments in the community. Have exceptionalRead MoreData Warehouse Case Study4449 Words   |  18 PagesStudy: A Data Warehouse for an Academic Medical Center Jonathan S. Einbinder, MD, MPH; Kenneth W. Scully, MS; Robert D. Pates, PhD; Jane R. Schubart, MBA, MS; Robert E. Reynolds, MD, DrPH ABSTRACT The clinical data repository (CDR) is a frequently updated relational data warehouse that provides users with direct access to detailed, ï ¬â€šexible, and rapid retrospective views of clinical, administrative, and ï ¬ nancial patient data for the University of Virginia Health System. This article presents a caseRead MoreTransforming Healthcare Using Business Intelligence Maturity Model4662 Words   |  19 Pageshealthcare and in the best interest to stay ahead, we have considered Business Intelligence as the forward strategy. Business intelligence technology promises to enable healthcare providers to reduce operating costs, improve the quality of patient care, and respond to market pressure for increased transparency and accountability. Successful business intelligence implementations require more than technology – they require a well-developed strategy, and a commitment to change in people and processesRead MoreKyruus case Essay13147 Words   |  53 Pagescompa ny had gathered information about the 800,000 physicians working in the U.S. The data included information about each physician’s education, licensing, publication and patent history, interactions with industry, as well as prescription and medical device utilization patterns. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Senior Lecturer Robert F. Higgins and Research Associate Penrose O’Donnell and Mehul Bhatt (MBA 2013)Read MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 PagesChambers of Commerce and Industry (FKCCI) in Bangalore. NKC would also like to thank the other important stakeholders – the ï ¬ nancial community, including angel investors and venture capitalists, educational institutions, incubation centres, business associations and other relevant institutions as well as various entrepreneurial networks – for sharing their experiences and advice on Entrepreneurship in India. At the end of this report are proï ¬ les of some entrepreneurial icons. NKC wishes to thank them forRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Read MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesJohn Wiley Sons, Inc. Executive Publisher: Don Fowley Associate Publisher: Daniel Sayer Acquisitions Editor: Jennifer Welter Marketing Manager: Christopher Ruel Production Manager: Dorothy Sinclair Production Editor: Sandra Dumas Senior Designer: Kevin Murphy New Media Editor: Lauren Sapira Editorial Assistant: Mark Owens Production Management Services: Elm Street Publishing Services Composition Services: Aptara, Inc. This book was typeset in 10/12 Times by Aptara, Inc., and printed and bound

The Affirmative Action Act An Outcome Of Minority Groups...

The Affirmative Action Act was created to ensure that minority groups and women were given the same opportunities in education and employment that were traditionally afforded to white males. According to the National Conferences of State Legislatures, affirmative action is, â€Å"†¦an outcome of the 1960’s Civil Rights Movement, intended to provide equal opportunities for members of minority groups and women in education and employment. In 1961, President Kennedy was the first to use the term affirmative action in an Executive Order that directed government contractors to take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin. The Executive Order also established the President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, now known as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)† (NCLS, 2014). Affirmative action was further reinfo rced in 1965 by President Lyndon Johnson when he signed an executive order requiring government contractors to increase the number of minorities that are offered employment. Some believe that the Affirmative Action Act was created out of â€Å"white guilt†. White guilt can be defined as the guilt felt by some white people for harm resulting from racist treatment of people of color by whites both historically and currently. Therefore it is said that some actions by white people are because of this guilt and not because theyShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action Programs Should Be Legal1320 Words   |  6 Pageswith affirmative action programs in order to improve opportunities or provide compensations for individuals that belong to omitted groups in the U.S history. While affirmative action programs are prevalent in a numerous of fields, employment and education are the two most active fields that focus on the affirmative action. In many associations and other cases, the affirmative action can be considered as a series of privileged programs. These programs will offer historically excluded groups or oppressedRead MoreAffirmative Action Is Important Fo r Society1649 Words   |  7 Pages Affirmative action Affirmative action is an attempt to address past discriminatory injustices which may be based on gender, race or ethnicity. Affirmative action may take the form of policies and programs which are mostly mandated by governments and designed to bring changes in organizations, companies and educational institutions. Affirmative action is a vital tool which provides qualified people with equal access to educational or professional opportunities that they would otherwise have beenRead More Affirmative Action Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action Affirmative action is a deliberate effort to provide full and equal opportunities in employment, education, and other areas for women, minorities, and individuals belonging to other traditionally disadvantaged groups. As an issue of todays society, affirmative action requires corporations, universities and other organizations to establish programs designed to ensure that all applicants are treated fairly. It also places a burden of proof on the providers of opportunities;Read More Affirmative Action Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pages The roots of Affirmative Action can be traced back to the passage of the Civil Rights Act where legislation redefined public and private behavior. The act states that to discriminate in private is legal, but anything regarding business or public discrimination is illegal. There are two instances when opposing affirmative action might seem the wrong thing to do. The nobility of the cause that help others. Affirmative Action was a great starter for equality in the work place. The mostRead MoreAffirmative Action And The Civil Rights Act973 Words   |  4 Pagesprivileged whites and unfortunate minorities. Among these government actions are the 14th Amendment, Equal Pay Act, and the Civil Rights Acts. John F. Kennedy perhaps created one of the most heavily debated policies today, his Affirmative Action Policy. Affirmative action is defined as, â€Å"the practice of improving the educational and job opportunities of members of groups that have not been treated fairly in the past because of their race, sex, etc.† (â€Å"Definition of AFFIRMATIVE† 1). The definition itselfRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Discrimination Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesWHAT IS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Affirmative action can be described as positive discrimination. It is an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education. Affirmative action means taking positive steps to end discrimination, to prevent its recurrence, and to creative new opportunities that were previously denied minorities and women. Affirmative action itself has been defined as any measure, beyond simple termination of a discriminatoryRead MoreThe Equal Employment Opportunity Act1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe Equal Employment Opportunity Act or, EEO Act of 1972, established a goal to make racial, ethnic, and gender minorities on the same level of white males in employment (â€Å"Equal Employment†). This was because of the dominance that white males held in the workplace and the struggle for minorities to get and keep a job, sometimes due to discrimination. Through this act, Affirmative Action was established to ensure that a certain amount of minorities were able to get a quality education and to get jobsRead MoreWhy We Still Need Affirmitive Action1493 Words   |  6 PagesWhy we still need affirmative action Because of the complex nature of the discussion on affirmative action and the controversies and the emotion surrounding it, it is imperative to first recap on the causes of race and inequality in the United States of America. The policies on affirmative action were proposed as a fractional remedy for the socio-economic impacts of past and present disadvantage faced by certain groups in the population, especially with regard to biases on gender and race. Such disadvantagesRead MoreAffirmative Action And The Civil Rights Movement963 Words   |  4 Pagesvarious groups of immigration such as: Asian American, Jewish American, African American, and Mexican Ame. Minority groups have experienced many kinds of segregation. They are discriminated in education and employment. Then, a program called â€Å"Affirmative Action† was introduced with the hope to engage more people of color into the society. Affirmative Action is an outcome of the 1960’s Civil Rights Movement. Its purpose is to provide equal opportunities for members of minority groups and women in educationRead Morefgdgdg1732 Words   |  7 PagesKnowledge Objectives Define organizational diversity and distinguish between affirmative action and diversity management. Distinguish multicultural, plural, and monolithic organizations. Describe the demographic characteristics of the U.S. population and explain their implications for the composition of the workplace. Discuss general changes in the United States that are increasing the importance of managing diversity effectively. Understand why successfully managing diversity is extremely important

Social Theories and Prostitution free essay sample

In 1937 Kingsley Davis authored â€Å"The Sociology of Prostitution†. In the article Davis concludes that prostitution serves an important and possibly latent function in society. Davis believes that men have a need for sexual experimentation and adventure. Davis’ theory is that prostitution fills a void for men. Married men cannot look to women whom may be interest in love or marriage since they are already committed (meaningful) so they look to women who will fulfill their sexual desires without attachment (meaningless). â€Å"The demand is the result of a simple biological appetite.When all other sources of gratification fail, due to defects of person or circumstance, prostitution can be relied upon to furnish relief† (Davis, 753). Prostitution in a latent sense saves marriages and allows men to fulfill their sexual desires. â€Å"Prostitution embraces an economic relation, and is naturally connected with the entire system of economic forces† (Davis, 749). One societal function that prostitution fills is a release for those who desire the prostitute (latent) and a source of income for the prostitute (manifest). The foundation to the functionalist perspective is that everything occurs for a reason.It is necessary for a society to have rules and laws to abide by, society lives in a consensus. It is important to understand the need for there to be social memebers whom do not conform to society; in this case prostitutes. Since prostitution is against the law in the United States except for in Nevada then prostitution helps in the validation of law enforcement personnel. Since there are social actors not abiding the law there is a need for the police and sheriff’s departments to control the criminals. For a society to function there are rules and rule breakers. There can’t be one without the other.Symbolic interaction is yet another sociological perspective that has been used to explain prostitution. â€Å"The term symbolic interaction refers, of course, to the peculiar and distinctive character of interaction as it takes place between human beings† (Farganis, 334). According to Herbert Blumer â€Å"human interaction is mediated by the use of symbols, by interpretation, or by ascertaining the meaning of one another’s actions† (Fargainis, 334). Blumer focused on individual relationships. He felt that the reaction that occurs is not a conscience reaction. The reaction is based on the meaning and concepts the action has.The theory of symbolic interactionism claims that an individual’s self-image develops through social interaction. The self-image is decided based on the social situations and how others acted in the situation. The labeling theory in the simplest form believes that â€Å"deviance does not exist independently of the negative reaction of people who condemn it† (Pfohl, 345). This means that an act or action would not be considered deviant unless a person or group believes it to be. What may be acceptable here in the United States may be considered deviant in another country and vice versa.For example in the United States prostitution is against the law in all states but Nevada however prostitution â€Å"is completely legal in 22 countries including Austria, Germany, Greece, Netherlands, Switzerland, Mexico, Australia, and Columbia † (http://www. onlineschools. org/blog/stats-on-prostitution/). A persons actions are not deviant until they are labeled as so. This theory focuses on why some behaviors are seen as deviant while others are considered acceptable. There is not a universally accepted method of determining what is deviant and what is not; it varies from place to place.An unforeseen consequence of labeling is that the labeled individual becomes a victim of the label. This theory focuses on three concerns; the social historical aspect of deviants, the applications of labels to some people while others are not, and the consequences of labels. The roots of this perspective can be traced to the early 1900’s following an essay by George Herbert Mead. In his essay Mead claimed that labels divide a society between those who are accepted and those who are considered deviant. In 1951 Edwin Lemert wrote a book called Social Pathology where he added to the initial thoughts of Mead.Lemert felt that other sociological theories failed to explain the consequences and impacts of labeling. â€Å"The socially visible deviations within a group, community, or society  stir its members to a wide variety of expressive reactions and attitudes,  depending upon the nature of the deviations and the expectancies of the  conforming majority. Admiration, awe, envy, sympathy, fear, repulsion,  disgust, hate, and anger are felt and manifested by those confronted by  departures from their sanctioned ways of behaving† (Lemert, 54).Lemert’s theory divided deviance into two categories; primary and secondary deviance. Primary deviance is when a person has received the label however does not accept it; he or she can justify and or rationalize their actions. Secondary deviance happens when the person accepts their deviant label. He or she then thinks of themselves as a deviant. Approximately, ten years later; in the 1960’s the concept was expanded upon yet again by Howard Becker, John Kituse, Erving Goffman, and Kai Erikson.Howard Becker the author of the 1963 book Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance wrote â€Å"deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an offender. The deviant is one to whom the label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label† (Becker, 9). A social group determines what is considered a deviant behavior. Under this concept a group of people decided that prostitution is a deviant act and therefore prostitutes are deviants. Without the deviant label there would not be the shame of prostitution.The labeling theory foundation is that an act is not deviant unless a person or group labels it as so. â€Å"Another point to this theory is that no acts of deviance can occur unless there is a witness to the actions. â€Å"Labeling refers to the process by which deviants are defined by the rest of society† (Pfohl, 351). Once a person is labeled they may accept the label and continue their lives down the deviant path. There are two forms of labeling; formal and informal. An example of formal labeling is that made by law enforcement personnel. Formal labels are influenced by stereotypes, race, gender and also appearance.An example of Informal labeling can include scandals and banishments from social settings. After one is labeled they may try to prevent family and friends from finding out about their act of deviance. The term stigma warrants mentioning. Stigma is â€Å"a mark of disgrace associated with a person, a personal quality, or a personal circumstance† (Oxford Reference). Members of society apply a stigma to other social actors whom are perceived different based on appearance or situation as in the stigma attached to prostitutes. â€Å"Some people are cast into roles which constrain their abilities to manage positive impression of themselves.Such persons are stigmatized, the bears of what Goffman describes as a spoiled identityâ€Å"(Pfohl, 354). Stigma includes the negative attitudes, mistreatment and even prejudice for being a prostitute. â€Å"By definition of course we believe the person with a stigma is not quite human. On this assumption we exercise varieties of discrimination, through which we effectively, if often unthinkingly, reduce his life chances† (Goffman, 22). This may include being ostracized from family and friends and also from the community. Stigmatized people generally keep to the company of others who are stigmatized or who may support them. This can be seen in the brothels of Nevada and the streets of New York. â€Å"We use specific stigma terms such as cripple, bastard, moron in our daily discourse as a source of metaphor and imagery, typically without giving thought to the original meaning† (Goffman, 22). The symbol that the stigma represents is understood as a negative concept. The prostitute doesn’t proudly say â€Å"I am a prostitute† as a lawyer would say â€Å"I am a lawyer†. Social actors hear the term prostitute and immediate detest her. One profound aspect of the labeling theory is the self- fulfilling prophecy. The standards he has incorporated from the wider society equip him to be intimately alive to what others see as his failing, inevitably causing him, if only for moments to agree that he does indeed fall short of what he really ought to be† (Goffman, 26). When a social actor is labeling a deviant they begin to believe they are deviant and begin acting as such. If an individual is constantly criticized and put down they begin to see themselves in a negative light. They begin to feel their self-worth and capabilities reduce and begin living the lifestyle of a deviant member of society.If the prostitute is ridiculed he/she will begin to believe they are less of a human. Once the prostitute begins to believe she/he is a deviant then the secondary deviance is inevitable. Secondary deviance is â€Å"When a person begins to employ his deviant behavior or role based upon it as a means of defense, attack, or adjustment to the overt and covert problems create† (Prohl, 354). Regardless of the reason for the initial deviation once a person is labeled a deviant they are more likely to continue on the deviant path; any deviance that follows the initial act is considered secondary. Prostitution is considered the primary deviance then the use of illegal drugs would be the secondary deviance. One similarity between functionalism and symbolic interactionism that stands out is that in functionalism a moral or immoral act is labeled as such and thus compels a social actor to go in search of a prostitute to fulfill the immoral acts. Functionalism focuses on the needs that are being filled through prostitution whereas symbolic interactionism focuses on why the term prostitute is seen as negative and also how this label of being deviant leads to secondary devianceA difference between functionalism and symbolic interactionism is that functionalism focuses on society on a macro level; the big picture of society. Symbolic interactionism focuses on social actors on the micro level; how individual social actors interact with one another socially. Prostitution can be viewed from all sociological perspectives however this paper limits the explanation to functionalism and symb olic interaction. Through the functionalist perspective prostitution serves a need in society.

Phil Collins - In The Air Tonight free essay sample

Ominous, eerie chords aided with quiet but strong drumming opens Phil Collins great hit, In the Air Tonight. Collins creates this masterpiece oeuvre by himself using an electric guitar, drum machine, drums and a reverse talkback microphone. The use of these certain instruments has listeners dying for the release. Finally released in 1981, fans and new listeners were immediately attracted to this mysterious song and could not stop listening to the song. Even today this oeuvre has grasped the attention of people all ages. Like my self at the age of 16, this song introduced me and opened my mind to music of this decade and many of Collins songs. As more and more people made this song a fad, more and more people began to question the lyrics. In a verse, Collins puzzling sings, If you told me you were drowning, I would not lend a hand†¦. Instantly listeners began listening more carefully to his lyrics in this song to fully understand what is being said. We will write a custom essay sample on Phil Collins In The Air Tonight or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Quickly the famous rumors of Collins watching a man drown or drowning a man himself, spread out world wide having people wondering about the song. Collins at a BBC World Service interview said: I dont know what this song is about. When I was writing this I was going through a divorce. Frustrated at the rumors, Collins also thinks they are comical. Growing up listening to this song always had me puzzled and convinced me to the rumors said about In the Air Tonight. Knowing the truth did not change my perspective of this song I love. If you have not heard this song, I highly recommend giving at least five minutes of your time to enjoy it.